Factors That Affect the Chemical Reaction Rate

Its useful to be able to predict whether an action will affect the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds. Several factors can influence the chemical reaction rate. In general, a factor that increases the number of collisions between particles will increase the reaction rate and a factor that decreases the number of collisions between particles will decrease the chemical reaction rate. Concentration of Reactants A higher concentration of reactants leads to more effective collisions per unit time, which leads to an increased reaction rate (except for zero-order reactions.) Similarly, a higher concentration of products tends to be associated with a lower reaction rate. Use the partial pressure of reactants in a gaseous state as a measure of their concentration. Temperature Usually, an increase in temperature is accompanied by an increase in the reaction rate. Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of a system, so higher temperature implies higher average kinetic energy of molecules and more collisions per unit time. A general rule for most (not all) chemical reactions is that the rate at which the reaction proceeds will approximately double for each 10-degree Celsius increase in temperature. Once the temperature reaches a certain point, some of the chemical species may be altered (e.g., denaturing of proteins) and the chemical reaction will slow or stop. Medium or State of Matter The rate of a chemical reaction depends on the medium in which the reaction occurs. It may make a difference whether a medium is aqueous or organic; polar or nonpolar; or liquid, solid, or gaseous. Reactions involving liquids and especially solids depend on the available surface area. For solids, the shape and size of the reactants make a big difference in the reaction rate. Presence of Catalysts and Competitors Catalysts (e.g., enzymes) lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction and increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. Catalysts work by increasing the frequency of collisions between reactants, altering the orientation of reactants so that more collisions are effective, reducing intramolecular bonding within reactant molecules, or donating electron density to the reactants. The presence of a catalyst helps a reaction proceed more quickly to equilibrium. Aside from catalysts, other chemical species can affect a reaction. The number of hydrogen ions (the pH of aqueous solutions) can alter a reaction rate. Other chemical species may compete for a reactant or alter orientation, bonding, electron density, etc., thereby decreasing the rate of a reaction. Pressure Increasing the pressure of a reaction improves the likelihood reactants will interact with each other, thus increasing the rate of the reaction. As you would expect, this factor is important for reactions involving gases, and not a significant factor with liquids and solids. Mixing Mixing reactants increases their ability to interact, thus increasing the rate of a chemical reaction. Summary of Factors The chart below is a summary of the main factors that influence the reaction rate. There is typically a maximum effect, after which changing a factor will have no effect or will slow a reaction. For example, increasing temperature past a certain point may denature reactants or cause them to undergo a completely different chemical reaction. Factor Affect on Reaction Rate temperature increasing temperature increases reaction rate pressure increasing pressure increases reaction rate concentration in a solution, increasing the amount of reactants increases the reaction rate state of matter gases react more readily than liquids, which react more readily than solids catalysts a catalyst lowers activation energy, increasing reaction rate mixing mixing reactants improves reaction rate

Short Story - 764 Words

I might get a few people and names wrong on who was in that video, so please be steady with me. I’m also putting Erik as Eric Veik so you don’t get confused, I know that’s not how his name is spelled correctly. It wasn’t that normal to see a camera going around the high school, other than for class projects, only the jocks seemed to use them or other people. The jocks used a camera to film their friend doing something stupid, as eating an extremely spicy that one of them brought from home. The other people used a camera to film their friends hanging out with one another. Both of these didn’t really last long for filming. But this was different, the camera over at the other table that a few tables away was recording for longer. Mostly†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Great,† he smiled a little. Acting as if the camera wasn’t there, capturing all of this to be embarrassed by in the future. He pushed the chair out and took a seat, his friends taking the remaining chairs. Y/N looked at the camera, â€Å"So- uh, why are you filming?† The guy with the camera shrugged, â€Å"Why not? Memories and all of that crap-† â€Å"And to cringe later in our lives.† The other friend interrupted. The guy who asked her if he could sit with her laugher. â€Å"If we even live that long.† His other friends laughed, agreeing. She looked at them all, â€Å"My name is Y/N.† This is sort of awkward. â€Å"Eric.† The guy besides her answered, nodding his head and he licked his bottom lip as he stared at her. His eyes darting off quickly to stare at a random spot at the table. â€Å"Erik.† â€Å"Mike.† â€Å"And that’s Chris.† Erik pointed out with a small laugh before Chris could answer, moving his camera to look at him. â€Å"Well, uh, it’s nice to meet you guys..† She didn’t know what to say. They just nodded their head and went off to talk about their own things with one another, she just listened. The period was almost over and Eric noticed how little she talked. He turned to her and then eyed the stairs. â€Å"How are you?† This is a weird start between us. â€Å"Fine..you?† â€Å"Yeah, I’m alright. School sucks ass.† He chuckled, smiling at his poor attempt to start a conversation. She giggled, not knowing what else to do. â€Å"Yeah, I know what you mean.† Somehow the two got into a conversation, trying to breakShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. 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Aesthetics Of Aging Essay - 3909 Words

An Aesthetics Of Aging Recall, reader if ever in the mountains a mist has caught you, through which you could not see except as moles do through skin †¦ Dante, Comedy1 ARGUMENT: THE RELEASE FROM THE BODILY EGO Many recent studies on visual culture highlight the representation of the body in photography as a signifier of social constructions. Photography however has always played an important part in the construction of the subject, a perspective that I suggest in what follows, one that combines analytical concepts with aspects of the phenomenology of perception, indispensable for the understanding of art works and of our relation to them. By contrast with the overexposure of the body in commercial photography, photographers in†¦show more content†¦They presently mesh with an apostrophe to the imagination, which also sees without using eyes.  » James Merrill (89-90). 1 of the self. Instead of showing â€Å"old people†, her photographs become carriers of optical distortions, signifiers of self-perception and self-representation. Rather than an instrument more or less adapted to the necessities of life, the body is shown as something concurrently solid, stable, and changing, movable. A paradox epitomized in the phrasing of the philosopher Marc Richir as: â€Å"an inner statue, infinitely labile and moving, ephemeral and changing in its manifestations.† (11) An art photography perspective on aging – connected to time, movement, and change -- neither documents nor sentimentalizes but, I would argue, contributes to a creative rethinking of aging. Significantly, I will not approach aging as a state (documented by the photographic image) but as a process of growth (that is, of subject construction, and of shaping, adapting subjectivity to new parameters). 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Manufacturing Technology Journal Advanced -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Manufacturing Technology Journal Advanced? Answer: Introduction The main purpose of the report is to understand the different concepts of additive manufacturing or 3D printing, which is a new technology that is being increasingly used in different industrial sectors. This emerging psychology has brought a revolution in the manufacturing industry. 3D printing or additive manufacturing has offered a new paradigm in manufacturing industry by enabling the feature of customized printing. 3D printing, which is also known as additive manufacturing, offers a speedy and cost effective solution, thus adding a competitive advantage in the market. The report discusses the working principle of 3D printing or additive manufacturing. The report further discusses whether the 3D printing is suitable for high or low volume of production. With the increasing popularity and usage of 3D printing or additive manufacturing, the traditional manufacturing process has taken a backseat (Weller, et al., 2015). The report discusses the role of 3D printing in turning the trad itional manufacturing obsolete. The increase in the growth and popularity of 3D printing is largely because of reduced labour and cost requirement (Campbell, et al., 2011). The various functionalities of 3D printing are elaborated in the following paragraphs. 3D printing/Additive Manufacturing 3D printing is also known as additive manufacturing as the process includes development of a prototype by adding a preferred material or mould layer by layer. In simple words, 3D printing is a process of joining the different layers of materials, to develop a 3D model or structure, and hence the name. 3D printing makes use of a digital model as a guide to print a 3D structure if a particular design. The layer by layer addition is very quick for low volume production and therefore it is used in developing the concept models. Additive manufacturing is a process of manufacturing that combines a large number of minuscule layers in creating a particular product. This process is however very quick. The term 3D printing is used to refer the different types of additive manufacturing and hence it is known by the name of additive manufacturing as well (Chua Leong, 2014). Additive manufacturing differs from subtractive manufacturing through a large extent, as a model is built up by adding the materials layer by layer. The simple process of adding layers by layers in development of a model helps in manufacturing complex products with ease. Additive manufacturing therefore, refers to a process of manufacturing a three dimensional design or data by subsequent addition of layer of different material. Additive manufacturing is therefore used as a synonym of 3D printing. However, the term additive manufacturing is more appropriate to consider as it describes the manufacturing technique. This helps in distinguishing 3D printing from subtractive manufacturing (Weller, et al., 2015). 3D printing in high and low volume of production The process of 3D printing is most suited for low volume of production. The process of additive manufacturing makes even the complex-manufacturing simple. However, the process of 3D printing is economics and cost effective only for low volume production. Furthermore, the layer by layer addition of materials to develop a set structure is a time consuming work in case of large volume of production. One of the main constraints for small manufacturers is the budget allocated for a particular task (Mueller, 2012). 3D printing eliminates any extra cost by reducing the number of labours and time required for completion of a project. However, in case of a large volume of production, it becomes extremely difficult to follow this process due to a time constraint. 3D manufacturing optimizes the low volumes production as the traditional manufacturing methods such as injection modelling is very expensive. Therefore, it can be said that 3D printing is a growing opportunity for low volume of production. 3D printing is increasing used in modelling of engineering and architectural works and finds extensive usage in chemical industry and in building medical implants as well. 3D manufacturing however has a capability and potential to be used in high volume of production as well (Kietzmann, et al., 2015). Situations in which 3D printing is valuable 3D printing was initially developed for rapid prototyping. However, in course of time, it found its application in rapid manufacturing as well. 3D printing has various applications in different business sectors including engineering, food, chemistry and medicine (Suchubert , et al., 2014). The medical application of 3D printing is rapidly expanding and has numerous application in healthcare sector. It is used in developing hearing devices, dentistry, surgery and medical devices. This incurs a high value in medical applications. The different application of 3D printing in medicine includes customized implants and prosthetics (Ventola, 2014). Furthermore, researches are laid on application of 3D printing in bioprinting. Apart from this, 3D printing can be potentially used for bringing revolutionary changes in the field of healthcare such as in development of surgical cuttings and drill guides, orthopaedic implants and prosthetics. Therefore, it can be said that 3D printing is most valuable for its application in the healthcare (Gibson, et al., 2014). Apart from this, the other applications of 3D printing include structuring complex components for aerospace, automotive and chemical industry. 3D printing has varied application in research industry as well. Researchers use 3D printing in crafting prototypes required for the research. 3D printing has further revolutionized the architecture industry as well. 3D printed houses and building nowadays have become a trend. Therefore, it can be seen that 3D printing has a wide range of application across the different business sectors. Forecast by investment firms With the growing demand and use of 3D printing, the investment firms are keen on integrating 3D printing or additive manufacturing in their business. A 2010 Ganter report identified the 3D printing technology as a transformational technology in the Trigger phase hype cycle (Campbell, et al., 2011). The recent reports and This can trigger the investment firms in taking active interest in this technology to enhance their business processes. This is the reason for which the 3D printing has emerged over broad range of industries in recent times. Researches prove that different companies have capitalized on the products made by integration of 3D printing by taking a manufacturing based approach. 3D printing in making traditional manufacturing obsolete With the increasing use of 3D printing, the traditional manufacturing has taken a back seat. This is because, the technology of 3D printing provides a cost effective solution in a much less time. The process of 3D printing provides some unique advantages over traditional manufacturing (Vaezi, et al., 2013). One of the major advantages of additive manufacturing is that it prevents wastage of materials, as it is a resource efficient approach. The traditional manufacturing methods such as injection mould on a contrary require extra material to fill the mould. Therefore, it is observed that the additive manufacturing process produce much less waste than traditional manufacturing (Lipson Kurman, 2013). Furthermore, the additive manufacturing helps in easy prototype production as it has become very easy to develop a prototype in hours with the help of 3D printing. Therefore, the 3D printing is preferably used for prototyping instead of traditional manufacturing (Berman, 2012). Furthermore , the 3D printing technology allows higher degree of customization of products and development of complex structure that is not possible with traditional manufacturing. Additive manufacturing promotes development of innovative products and increases the speed of marketing new products. The process of traditional manufacturing is complex and time consuming and therefore, there is a high possibility of traditional manufacturing getting obsolete with the advent of additive manufacturing. Furthermore, in the prototypes developed with traditional manufacturing, it becomes very difficult to rework on the same. On the other hand, rework on the prototypes developed with 3D printing is much easier as in case of a rework, a new prototype can be built quite efficiently and in a very less time. Although the use of 3D printing is preferable in rapid prototyping, it is not suitable for high volume manufacturing. This is because, the layer by layer addition of materials becomes very difficult and time consuming for high volume of production. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that 3D printing is a technology that has varied usage in the different industrial sectors. The different application of 3D printing is discussed in the report. The report evaluates whether additive manufacturing is suited for high and low volume of production. 3D printing is more suitable for low volume of production due to its speed and efficiency. The report further discusses the possibility of 3D printing or additive manufacturing in making the traditional manufacturing obsolete. Although there is an increasing use of additive manufacturing in prototyping, it will take a huge amount of time to replace the process of traditional manufacturing completely. Recommendation 3D printing should be increasingly used in prototyping as it provides a cost effective solution. Small and medium sized manufacturers can integrate the process of 3D printing in their business in order to save time and money in prototyping. Further studies and researchers are required in order to completely replace the process of traditional manufacturing by 3D printing References Berman, B., 2012. 3-D printing: The new industrial revolution. Business management horizons. Business horizons, Volume 55(2), pp. 155-162. Campbell, T., Williams, C., Ivanova, O. Garrett, B., 2011. Could 3D printing change the world. Technologies, Potential, and implications of Additive manufacturing. Atlantic Council, Washinton,DC. Chua, C. Leong, K., 2014. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING: Principles and Applications (with Companion Media Pack) of Rapid Prototyping.. s.l.:World Scientific Publishing Co Inc.. Gibson, I., Rosen, D. Stucker, B., 2014. Additive manufacturing technologies: 3D printing, rapid prototyping, and direct digital manufacturing.. s.l.:Springer.. Kietzmann, J., Pitt, L. Berthon, P., 2015. Disruptions, decisions, and destinations: Enter the age of 3-D printing and additive manufacturing.. Business Horizons,, 52(2), pp. 209-215. Lipson, H. Kurman, M., 2013. . Fabricated: The new world of 3D printing. s.l.:John Wiley Sons. Mueller, B., 2012. Additive manufacturing technologiesRapid prototyping to direct digital manufacturing. Assembly Automation, , 32(2). Suchubert , C., Van Langeveld, M. Donoso, L., 2014. Innovations in 3D printing: a 3D overview from optics to organs. British journal of ophthalmalogy, Volume 98(2), pp. 159-61. Vaezi, M., Seitz, H. Yang, S., 2013. . A review on 3D micro-additive manufacturing technologies. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,, pp. 1721-175467(5-8). Ventola, C., 2014. Medical appliations or 3D printing: current and projected uses. Pharmacy and Theraeurics. Volume 39(10), p. 704. Weller, C., Keeer, R. Piller, F., 2015. Economic implications of 3D prnting: marketing structure models in light of additive manufacturing revisited. International journal of production economics,164, pp. 43-56. Wong, K. Hernandez, A., 2012. A review of additive manufacturing.. ISRN Mechanical Engineering, 2012..