Swing and Bebop free essay sample

Mark music: In the Mood. Played trombone in the Dorset siblings. Played in Ben Pollacks band. Bud Powell 0 piano, Instrumental In the improvement of bebop. Kenny Clarke C] House drummer at Moutons playhouse. Jay McMahon 0 plants and band pioneer; his band includes any semblance of Ben Webster and Charlie Parker. Swing Street CLC reference to 52nd road which facilitated significant Jazz clubs during the swing and the bebop era.Moutons Playhouse 0 a Harlem jazz club cap saw the development of bebop and facilitated specialists, for example, Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Christian. The house band remembered Theologies Monk for piano, Joe Guy on trumpet, Nick Fenton on bass, and Kenny Clarke on drums. Billy Straying 0 celebrated for his joint effort with Duke Longtime. Billy Bergs 0 Jazz club in Hollywood. Lionel Hampton 0 one of the first to utilize the vibraphone in jazz. Some portion of Benny Goodman group of four, alongside Gene Koura, Teddy Wilson and Goodman. This gathering was one of the primary racially incorporated gathering to perform.Many famous specialists went through his gathering: Dizzied Gillespie, Clifford Brown, West Montgomery, Quince Jones, and so on. Lord Hines D The band to follow Duke Longtime at the Cotton Club was Cab Scallywags band. Despite the fact that traditionally prepared vocalist in the drama, he generally sought to be in the entertainment biz. He went to Chicago where he joined the Alabamian, who later changed their name to the Missouri when they moved to New York. Galloway was not a Jazz vocalist but rather an artist who encircle himself with jazz performers. By the late sasss Cab Galloway was the best African American band pioneer in the nation. Milt Hint, Chug Berry, Dizzy Gillespie 0 all played at Cab Scallywags band. Chug Berry was next in line after Coleman Hawkins. When Lester Young was terminated from the Fletcher Henderson Band, Berry was the person to supplant him. Jimmy Landlords band was a dark band that highly esteemed playing move music with percussion. Sys Oliver, the arranger, was the most acclaimed one to come out of that band. Benny Goodman set up himself In New York as a studio artist. He made different records with Red Nichols. At the point when he made records with Billie Holiday, he experienced John Hammond.Hammond welcomed Goodman to his home to play orchestral arrangements, where Benny went gaga for Hammond sister and wedded her. During the downturn, Fletcher Henderson offered a large number of his courses of action to John Hammond, which turned into the reason for Goodman band melodic library. He later employed Fletcher Henderson to keep in touch with him some more courses of action. Since Goodman band was the most blazing band it disclosed on the most recent minutes of a radio show. They went on a national visit and outside New York they found that white individuals didnt like their music that was too hard-swinging.In request to play something the individuals could move to, they played stock courses of action. When they came to Los Angels they were prepared to Sabina and get back They played at the Palomar Ballroom, prepared to play their stock courses of action, when Gene Koura proposed playing something they would appreciate, and they played King Porter Stomp. The show that broadcast in New York at 1 :30, the finish of probation. Sing was initially composed by Louis Prima, an extremely fair looking Black artist, which empowered him to perform where other dark artists were not allowed.Jim Muddy 0 Goodman dispatched him to compose a plan to Sing. The band acknowledged Fletcher Henderson had a comparative course of action called Christopher Columbus. At long last, Benny Goodman rendition is a blend of the two. In 1938, Hammond had putting a Jazz show on an old style stage. These shows were truly noteworthy due to the first run through jazz music was available in a recognized fine art. Benny Goodman was the main white band pioneer to recruit dark performers. He employed Teddy Wilson to play with his trio, after the two met while recording with Billie Holiday.When the band was in Los Angels Goodman experienced Lionel Hampton, and the band turned into a group of four. The quarter at that point turns into a quintet when Hammond acquaints Goodman with Charlie Christian. Goodman promptly resented Charlie Christian and would not like to play with him. Hammond trapped Goodman to tune in to Christian, who set up guitar as a performance instrument. Lionel Hampton later hit out with his own band. Roy Eliding, the following in trumpet genealogy after Louis Armstrong, was the most persuasive trumpet player during the swing territory, moving Dizzy Gillespie.He was likewise the included trumpet player in Gene Korunas band. His moniker was Little Jazz. Artier Shaw 0 another popular clarinet player during the swing region. He had a self-personality issue and ordinarily resigned and left to Mexico. Shaw moved from playing sax to clarinet, which why his clarinet playing seems like a sax. Red Nor played the xylophone. He met his better half Mildred Bailey, when he played for Paul Whitewashs band. Bailey is one of the bunch artists in the swing period that could be known as a Jazz vocalist. They were nicknamed the swing couple. Stardust by Hobbies Carmichael is the second most recorded piece after SST. Louis Blues. Artier Shahs most renowned recorded act of spontaneity is highlighted in Stardust: it is a case of how a portion of his music was more move than Jazz. Jimmy and Tommy Dorset originated from Pennsylvania yet are viewed as Chicago style. The Dorset Brothers band was their first together. They were consistently in strife. After a contention Tommy strolled off the band to shape his band. They rejoined in the late sasss, and in the sasss they had their own TV appear (where Elvis made his TV debut).Tommy Dorset played trumpet yet in the long run he made due with trombone. His signature melody was Im Getting Sentimental over You, which is the reason he was known as The Sentimental Gentleman. His trombone playing was consistent, satiny and smooth. Tommy Dorset likewise acquainted Frank Sinatra with the world. Rabbit Iberian played with Benny Goodman just as with Tommy Dorset. He later had his own band however he was a substantial consumer and was bad at implementing discipline. After Iberian left Dodders band, Tommy had his performers have Bunnys impact as one as tribute to him.Jimmy Dodders band was more Chicago style than Tommys band. He played both alto sax and vaudeville sax and shocked everybody. His sax playing impacted many, including Charlie Parker. Into the sasss the music stars of the America were the band heads. The vocalist got second charging. The primary person to strike out all alone was Being Crosby when he left Paul Whitewashs band. The most well known swing band was Glenn Millers band. Mill operator played trombone and composed game plans for the Ben Pollack band. He additionally off-timing to recognizable tunes. Despite the fact that it was the best it didnt swing the hardest. Tex Bennie took over Millers band when Millers plane vanished over the English Channel Miller attempted to make an interesting sound to his saxophone area by putting clarinet as the lead voice: clarinet lead. In the Mood was Glenn Millers signature tune. It is the number 1 selling instrumental account composed by Joe Garland. AY Clink used to state it would have been exceptional if Glenn Miller had lived and his music bite the dust. Significant band pioneer in the swing period was Charlie Barnett, an ill-conceived child of well off parents.His band was progressively similar to a rich keeps an eye on toy. Like Duke Longtime, he permitted his performers a great deal of opportunity. His mark music was Cherokee. Bebop is done moving music however music that should be tuned in to. The primary characteristic bebop huge band was Earl Hines band. In his initial vocation Hines performed on the piano close by Louis Armstrong in Chicago. Baron Faith Hines in the early sasss had a major band that was attacked by youthful beepers. He took Charlie Parker from Jay Mechanics band. His band never recorded in light of the fact that during that time the American Recording Industry was on strike.In the interim both Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie were stirring up a similar style on inverse sides of the nation (Bird in New York and Dig in Kansas City. ) Monomers Uptown House was somewhere else where bebop rose. The individuals who didnt like current Jazz were nicknamed Moldy Figs. The one answerable for bringing bebop from late night clubs in Harlem to 52nd SST, was Coleman Hawkins. He never changed his own style, however he encircle himself with youthful performers who utilized his notoriety to book gigs on 52nd tree. In the Onyx, Dizzy Gillespie commenced new tune with a scat o bop, be bop. A music commentator in the crowd related the scat to the new style of music. The drummer at Moutons was Kenny Clarke built up another style of playing. He clarified the advancement in that artists were paying so quick that he just played during their interruption. This was likewise valid for the piano player at Moutons. Philosophies Monk , like Count Basis, acknowledged he doesn't have to play the musicality, however essentially Jab a harmony every so often, or even Just play notes to plot the congruity. In the bebop withy area the sole duty of time lies in the possession of the bass player.The artists association strike kept individuals from tuning in to bebop on the radio, which stunned them when they heard it just because. One of the primary bebop records that individuals knew about was Charlie Parsers OK-OK. In Earl Hines bebop band there was a youthful artist named Sarah Vaughn and another artist named Billy Stickiness (regularly alluded to as the dark Frank Sinatra). Hines band separated in 1952. Around that time Stickiness had a tremendous hit Jelly. In view of that achievement, a large number of previous Hines performers were presently part of Stockinets band.

Free Essays on Lamb Of God

of John the Baptist as he saw Jesus moving toward one day. For what reason would John allude to Jesus as the Lamb of God? He isn't the one and only one; in the book of Exodus Jesus is alluded to as the Lamb twenty-eight times. As per the word reference a sheep can be: a youthful sheep, a sweet amiable individual, or one who can be hoodwinked or cheated particularly in budgetary issues. These are the manners in which that sheep can be utilized out of the setting of this part. Jesus is clearly not a youthful sheep or somebody who can tricked or duped effectively, however he is a sweet amiable individual as per the holy book. I don't accept this is the explanation that John alludes to Jesus as the Lamb of God. I accept that so as to find the importance in the setting you need to take a gander at the Jewish customs and convictions. During Passover the Jews would forfeit a Lamb and smear its blood over their ways to shield them from the malevolent spirits that came. Jesus as a sheep can be deciphered as the paschal sheep, whose blood spared the Israel, and furthermore as the sheep that is butchered as transgression contributions. Jesus’ torturous killing and demise can be thought of as both of the sheep, the paschal and the butchered. He was butchered to spare the salvation of man and excuse their transgressions. He came to be a penance for the miscreants. There is one final understanding of the sheep in the holy book, the whole-world destroying sheep that would obliterate wickedness from the world. The prophetically catastrophic sheep is entirely unexpected then the paschal sheep and the butchered sheep. In the book of Revelations the sheep is alluded to as having seven eyes and seven horns. The horn is an image of intensity. The sheep of Revelation is said to lead a military, do battle, and overcome his adversary. This sheep grasps the fate of humankind; he is â€Å"The Lord of Lord and King of Kings.†(Rev. 17:14) Along these lines, which significance did John in... Free Essays on Lamb Of God Free Essays on Lamb Of God â€Å"Behold, the Lamb of God, who removes the transgression of the world.† (John 1:29) These are the expressions of John the Baptist as he saw Jesus moving toward one day. For what reason would John allude to Jesus as the Lamb of God? He isn't the one and only one; in the book of Exodus Jesus is alluded to as the Lamb twenty-eight times. As indicated by the word reference a sheep can be: a youthful sheep, a sweet easygoing individual, or one who can be tricked or cheated particularly in money related issues. These are the manners in which that sheep can be utilized out of the setting of this part. Jesus is clearly not a youthful sheep or somebody who can hoodwinked or swindled effectively, however he is a sweet unassuming individual as indicated by the book of scriptures. I don't accept this is the explanation that John alludes to Jesus as the Lamb of God. I accept that so as to find the importance in the setting you need to take a gander at the Jewish customs and convictions. During Passover the Jews would forfeit a Lamb and smear its blood over their ways to shield them from the shrewd spirits that came. Jesus as a sheep can be deciphered as the paschal sheep, whose blood spared the Israel, and furthermore as the sheep that is butchered as transgression contributions. Jesus’ torturous killing and passing can be thought of as both of the sheep, the paschal and the butchered. He was butchered to spare the salvation of man and excuse their transgressions. He came to be a penance for the miscreants. There is one final translation of the sheep in the book of scriptures, the whole-world destroying sheep that would crush underhanded from the world. The prophetically calamitous sheep is very surprising then the paschal sheep and the butchered sheep. In the book of Revelations the sheep is alluded to as having seven eyes and seven horns. The horn is an image of intensity. The sheep of Revelation is said to lead a military, do battle, and overcome his foe. This sheep grasps the fate of humanity; he is â€Å"The Lord of Lord and King of Kings.†(Rev. 17:14) In this way, which importance did John in...

EUROPEAN MEDIAEssay BRIEF Choose ONE TOPIC From The Following.Using

EUROPEAN MEDIAEssay BRIEF Choose ONE TOPIC From The Following.Using EUROPEAN MEDIAEssay BRIEF: Choose ONE TOPIC From The Following.Using The Combined Databases â€" Essay Example > 28 April 2009The Television media in the European Union: UK and TurkeyIntroductionThe number of television channels in the European Union region rose from 103 in 1990 to 1,132 in 2003, with movie channels increasing from 7 to 143 and sports channels from 0 to 92 within the same time. The number of television channels in the European Union has multiplied amid increase in the capacity of the European satellites systems, effects of deregulation, and advance in technology. In 2004, the number of the public service television channels with a license for national coverage by the analogue terrestrial transmission was 38, two were of mixed ownership (public/private), and 43 were private owned. There were 218 public or private channels which were targeting non-national markets including those targeting markets outside the European Union, 702 privately and 75 public owned had national coverage through cable satellite or DTT distribution. In addition, there were television channels which cou ld be perceived as belonging to a particular country but established in another country. Cross-border broadcasting has grown because of the advance in the development of the cable and satellite infrastructures and establishment of a framework that allowed free circulation. Countries such as Ireland, Denmark, Belgium and Netherlands, which have high cable television already had a natural; overspill and redistribution of television channels across border even before the ‘Television without Frontiers’ Directive in 1989 was adopted. More than one kind of channels in the European Union can be identified, in the history of the evolution of the television in the market. These are; those channels that transmit with an unique language but with clear pan-European vocation, e.g. the BBC World and 3-sat; those “delocalized channels” established in one country but targeting market for another country, e.g. the Kanal 5 established in the UK but targeting Sweden and the RTL9 established in Luxembourg and targeting France and Switzerland; those that are established outside Europe but broadcast through European satellites e. g. TV Globo International and the HBN Herbalife; those channels tailored for a particular market but their ad hoc advertising windows and/or programs let them be perceived as for one or more neighboring markets e. g. Irish windows on Sky News and the Swiss and Austrian windows of German private channels (SAT. 1 and Pro7); and those broadcast channels offering pan-European services and with distinct linguistic versions targeting specific linguistic markets within and without the European Union and particularly the East and Central European markets e. g. services provided by the pan-European channels such as the Euronews and the Eurosport. Television in the United KingdomAudience fragmentation for the television market in the UK is commonplace because of the availability of big number of channels (400). About 70%of UK households have access to mult i-channel television. The major satellite provider in the market is the BSkyB with 8 million homes connected, Freeview has 5 million of homes connected, NTL-Telewest with 3 million homes connected among other establishments. global offerings such as the CNN, DW-TV and MTV are also present. The BBC is one of the major channels in the United Kingdom with 14 television channels and attracting about a third of the total audience in the country (European Journalism Center, 2009).

Factors That Affect the Chemical Reaction Rate

Its useful to be able to predict whether an action will affect the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds. Several factors can influence the chemical reaction rate. In general, a factor that increases the number of collisions between particles will increase the reaction rate and a factor that decreases the number of collisions between particles will decrease the chemical reaction rate. Concentration of Reactants A higher concentration of reactants leads to more effective collisions per unit time, which leads to an increased reaction rate (except for zero-order reactions.) Similarly, a higher concentration of products tends to be associated with a lower reaction rate. Use the partial pressure of reactants in a gaseous state as a measure of their concentration. Temperature Usually, an increase in temperature is accompanied by an increase in the reaction rate. Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of a system, so higher temperature implies higher average kinetic energy of molecules and more collisions per unit time. A general rule for most (not all) chemical reactions is that the rate at which the reaction proceeds will approximately double for each 10-degree Celsius increase in temperature. Once the temperature reaches a certain point, some of the chemical species may be altered (e.g., denaturing of proteins) and the chemical reaction will slow or stop. Medium or State of Matter The rate of a chemical reaction depends on the medium in which the reaction occurs. It may make a difference whether a medium is aqueous or organic; polar or nonpolar; or liquid, solid, or gaseous. Reactions involving liquids and especially solids depend on the available surface area. For solids, the shape and size of the reactants make a big difference in the reaction rate. Presence of Catalysts and Competitors Catalysts (e.g., enzymes) lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction and increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. Catalysts work by increasing the frequency of collisions between reactants, altering the orientation of reactants so that more collisions are effective, reducing intramolecular bonding within reactant molecules, or donating electron density to the reactants. The presence of a catalyst helps a reaction proceed more quickly to equilibrium. Aside from catalysts, other chemical species can affect a reaction. The number of hydrogen ions (the pH of aqueous solutions) can alter a reaction rate. Other chemical species may compete for a reactant or alter orientation, bonding, electron density, etc., thereby decreasing the rate of a reaction. Pressure Increasing the pressure of a reaction improves the likelihood reactants will interact with each other, thus increasing the rate of the reaction. As you would expect, this factor is important for reactions involving gases, and not a significant factor with liquids and solids. Mixing Mixing reactants increases their ability to interact, thus increasing the rate of a chemical reaction. Summary of Factors The chart below is a summary of the main factors that influence the reaction rate. There is typically a maximum effect, after which changing a factor will have no effect or will slow a reaction. For example, increasing temperature past a certain point may denature reactants or cause them to undergo a completely different chemical reaction. Factor Affect on Reaction Rate temperature increasing temperature increases reaction rate pressure increasing pressure increases reaction rate concentration in a solution, increasing the amount of reactants increases the reaction rate state of matter gases react more readily than liquids, which react more readily than solids catalysts a catalyst lowers activation energy, increasing reaction rate mixing mixing reactants improves reaction rate

Short Story - 764 Words

I might get a few people and names wrong on who was in that video, so please be steady with me. I’m also putting Erik as Eric Veik so you don’t get confused, I know that’s not how his name is spelled correctly. It wasn’t that normal to see a camera going around the high school, other than for class projects, only the jocks seemed to use them or other people. The jocks used a camera to film their friend doing something stupid, as eating an extremely spicy that one of them brought from home. The other people used a camera to film their friends hanging out with one another. Both of these didn’t really last long for filming. But this was different, the camera over at the other table that a few tables away was recording for longer. Mostly†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Great,† he smiled a little. Acting as if the camera wasn’t there, capturing all of this to be embarrassed by in the future. He pushed the chair out and took a seat, his friends taking the remaining chairs. Y/N looked at the camera, â€Å"So- uh, why are you filming?† The guy with the camera shrugged, â€Å"Why not? Memories and all of that crap-† â€Å"And to cringe later in our lives.† The other friend interrupted. The guy who asked her if he could sit with her laugher. â€Å"If we even live that long.† His other friends laughed, agreeing. She looked at them all, â€Å"My name is Y/N.† This is sort of awkward. â€Å"Eric.† The guy besides her answered, nodding his head and he licked his bottom lip as he stared at her. His eyes darting off quickly to stare at a random spot at the table. â€Å"Erik.† â€Å"Mike.† â€Å"And that’s Chris.† Erik pointed out with a small laugh before Chris could answer, moving his camera to look at him. â€Å"Well, uh, it’s nice to meet you guys..† She didn’t know what to say. They just nodded their head and went off to talk about their own things with one another, she just listened. The period was almost over and Eric noticed how little she talked. He turned to her and then eyed the stairs. â€Å"How are you?† This is a weird start between us. â€Å"Fine..you?† â€Å"Yeah, I’m alright. School sucks ass.† He chuckled, smiling at his poor attempt to start a conversation. She giggled, not knowing what else to do. â€Å"Yeah, I know what you mean.† Somehow the two got into a conversation, trying to breakShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Aesthetics Of Aging Essay - 3909 Words

An Aesthetics Of Aging Recall, reader if ever in the mountains a mist has caught you, through which you could not see except as moles do through skin †¦ Dante, Comedy1 ARGUMENT: THE RELEASE FROM THE BODILY EGO Many recent studies on visual culture highlight the representation of the body in photography as a signifier of social constructions. Photography however has always played an important part in the construction of the subject, a perspective that I suggest in what follows, one that combines analytical concepts with aspects of the phenomenology of perception, indispensable for the understanding of art works and of our relation to them. By contrast with the overexposure of the body in commercial photography, photographers in†¦show more content†¦They presently mesh with an apostrophe to the imagination, which also sees without using eyes.  » James Merrill (89-90). 1 of the self. Instead of showing â€Å"old people†, her photographs become carriers of optical distortions, signifiers of self-perception and self-representation. Rather than an instrument more or less adapted to the necessities of life, the body is shown as something concurrently solid, stable, and changing, movable. A paradox epitomized in the phrasing of the philosopher Marc Richir as: â€Å"an inner statue, infinitely labile and moving, ephemeral and changing in its manifestations.† (11) An art photography perspective on aging – connected to time, movement, and change -- neither documents nor sentimentalizes but, I would argue, contributes to a creative rethinking of aging. Significantly, I will not approach aging as a state (documented by the photographic image) but as a process of growth (that is, of subject construction, and of shaping, adapting subjectivity to new parameters). In this dynamics of change and becoming rather than a destructive agent, time is conceived of as a formative category and a source of creativity. How can photography visualize aspects of aging that do not merely correspond in a documentary way to visible realities? How are such complex psychic structures as those related to aging translated into visual patterns? These are theShow MoreRelatedArt Conservation and Restoration1198 Words   |  5 Pagesdamaged piece and propose that such a restored piece of art â€Å"is a kind of forgery, which does not have the same aesthetic value as the original, no matter how closely it resembles the original† Most who support conservation and restoration approve of â€Å"any legitimate attempt to restore the aesthetic (understood as senuous) appeal of the object which has been lost or diminished through aging, accidental damage, or vandalism.† Saito continued his discussion by attempting to answer two basic questionsRead MoreDecadence in Death in Venice1635 Words   |  7 PagesIn Death in Venice, the theme of decadence caused by aestheticism appears through Gustav von Achenbach’s eccentric, specifically homoerotic, feelings towards a Polish boy named Tadzio. Although his feelings spring from a sound source, the boy’s aesthetic beauty, Aschenbach becomes decadent in how excessively zealous his feelings are, and his obsession ultimately leads to his literal and existential destruction. Thus exemplifying, as will be examined in the following, how aestheticism is closelyRead MoreTrending Review Of Dermatological Surgery, Blepharoplasty, And The Australian Society Of Plastic Surgeons1609 Words   |  7 Pagesuprise in popularity of treatments. In 2011, the USA alone saw more than 147,000 procedures performed, making it the 4th most common surgical operation, and ranking the most popular sought after surg ery in Asia. It is most commonly obtained for aesthetic purposes and obtaining a more youthful appearance (Okamoto, 2012; Motaparthi, 2010). 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By opening her essay with a bold, positive claim contrary to the rest of her views on Plastic surgery, Paglia successfully addresses the merits of cosmetic surgeons. She addresses how â€Å"plastic surgery is a living sculpture†¦peopleRead MoreTechnology : Existing Product For Aging1283 Words   |  6 PagesChapter one: existing product for aging Innovation-related technology in elderly care services (ITECS): This is to reflect on innovation-related technology in elderly care services ( ITECS). In these, as in other service sectors (Gallouj C. and F., 1996. Djellal F. et al, 2004), the target of innovation is extensively addressed in the literature. A new discipline even appeared which is called the gerontechnology. This is also a particularly heterogeneous target, the main discriminating criteriaRead MoreAnti Aging Treatments : How Long Does Botox Last?1410 Words   |  6 PagesAnti-Aging Treatments: How Long Does Botox Last? 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Manufacturing Technology Journal Advanced -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Manufacturing Technology Journal Advanced? Answer: Introduction The main purpose of the report is to understand the different concepts of additive manufacturing or 3D printing, which is a new technology that is being increasingly used in different industrial sectors. This emerging psychology has brought a revolution in the manufacturing industry. 3D printing or additive manufacturing has offered a new paradigm in manufacturing industry by enabling the feature of customized printing. 3D printing, which is also known as additive manufacturing, offers a speedy and cost effective solution, thus adding a competitive advantage in the market. The report discusses the working principle of 3D printing or additive manufacturing. The report further discusses whether the 3D printing is suitable for high or low volume of production. With the increasing popularity and usage of 3D printing or additive manufacturing, the traditional manufacturing process has taken a backseat (Weller, et al., 2015). The report discusses the role of 3D printing in turning the trad itional manufacturing obsolete. The increase in the growth and popularity of 3D printing is largely because of reduced labour and cost requirement (Campbell, et al., 2011). The various functionalities of 3D printing are elaborated in the following paragraphs. 3D printing/Additive Manufacturing 3D printing is also known as additive manufacturing as the process includes development of a prototype by adding a preferred material or mould layer by layer. In simple words, 3D printing is a process of joining the different layers of materials, to develop a 3D model or structure, and hence the name. 3D printing makes use of a digital model as a guide to print a 3D structure if a particular design. The layer by layer addition is very quick for low volume production and therefore it is used in developing the concept models. Additive manufacturing is a process of manufacturing that combines a large number of minuscule layers in creating a particular product. This process is however very quick. The term 3D printing is used to refer the different types of additive manufacturing and hence it is known by the name of additive manufacturing as well (Chua Leong, 2014). Additive manufacturing differs from subtractive manufacturing through a large extent, as a model is built up by adding the materials layer by layer. The simple process of adding layers by layers in development of a model helps in manufacturing complex products with ease. Additive manufacturing therefore, refers to a process of manufacturing a three dimensional design or data by subsequent addition of layer of different material. Additive manufacturing is therefore used as a synonym of 3D printing. However, the term additive manufacturing is more appropriate to consider as it describes the manufacturing technique. This helps in distinguishing 3D printing from subtractive manufacturing (Weller, et al., 2015). 3D printing in high and low volume of production The process of 3D printing is most suited for low volume of production. The process of additive manufacturing makes even the complex-manufacturing simple. However, the process of 3D printing is economics and cost effective only for low volume production. Furthermore, the layer by layer addition of materials to develop a set structure is a time consuming work in case of large volume of production. One of the main constraints for small manufacturers is the budget allocated for a particular task (Mueller, 2012). 3D printing eliminates any extra cost by reducing the number of labours and time required for completion of a project. However, in case of a large volume of production, it becomes extremely difficult to follow this process due to a time constraint. 3D manufacturing optimizes the low volumes production as the traditional manufacturing methods such as injection modelling is very expensive. Therefore, it can be said that 3D printing is a growing opportunity for low volume of production. 3D printing is increasing used in modelling of engineering and architectural works and finds extensive usage in chemical industry and in building medical implants as well. 3D manufacturing however has a capability and potential to be used in high volume of production as well (Kietzmann, et al., 2015). Situations in which 3D printing is valuable 3D printing was initially developed for rapid prototyping. However, in course of time, it found its application in rapid manufacturing as well. 3D printing has various applications in different business sectors including engineering, food, chemistry and medicine (Suchubert , et al., 2014). The medical application of 3D printing is rapidly expanding and has numerous application in healthcare sector. It is used in developing hearing devices, dentistry, surgery and medical devices. This incurs a high value in medical applications. The different application of 3D printing in medicine includes customized implants and prosthetics (Ventola, 2014). Furthermore, researches are laid on application of 3D printing in bioprinting. Apart from this, 3D printing can be potentially used for bringing revolutionary changes in the field of healthcare such as in development of surgical cuttings and drill guides, orthopaedic implants and prosthetics. Therefore, it can be said that 3D printing is most valuable for its application in the healthcare (Gibson, et al., 2014). Apart from this, the other applications of 3D printing include structuring complex components for aerospace, automotive and chemical industry. 3D printing has varied application in research industry as well. Researchers use 3D printing in crafting prototypes required for the research. 3D printing has further revolutionized the architecture industry as well. 3D printed houses and building nowadays have become a trend. Therefore, it can be seen that 3D printing has a wide range of application across the different business sectors. Forecast by investment firms With the growing demand and use of 3D printing, the investment firms are keen on integrating 3D printing or additive manufacturing in their business. A 2010 Ganter report identified the 3D printing technology as a transformational technology in the Trigger phase hype cycle (Campbell, et al., 2011). The recent reports and This can trigger the investment firms in taking active interest in this technology to enhance their business processes. This is the reason for which the 3D printing has emerged over broad range of industries in recent times. Researches prove that different companies have capitalized on the products made by integration of 3D printing by taking a manufacturing based approach. 3D printing in making traditional manufacturing obsolete With the increasing use of 3D printing, the traditional manufacturing has taken a back seat. This is because, the technology of 3D printing provides a cost effective solution in a much less time. The process of 3D printing provides some unique advantages over traditional manufacturing (Vaezi, et al., 2013). One of the major advantages of additive manufacturing is that it prevents wastage of materials, as it is a resource efficient approach. The traditional manufacturing methods such as injection mould on a contrary require extra material to fill the mould. Therefore, it is observed that the additive manufacturing process produce much less waste than traditional manufacturing (Lipson Kurman, 2013). Furthermore, the additive manufacturing helps in easy prototype production as it has become very easy to develop a prototype in hours with the help of 3D printing. Therefore, the 3D printing is preferably used for prototyping instead of traditional manufacturing (Berman, 2012). Furthermore , the 3D printing technology allows higher degree of customization of products and development of complex structure that is not possible with traditional manufacturing. Additive manufacturing promotes development of innovative products and increases the speed of marketing new products. The process of traditional manufacturing is complex and time consuming and therefore, there is a high possibility of traditional manufacturing getting obsolete with the advent of additive manufacturing. Furthermore, in the prototypes developed with traditional manufacturing, it becomes very difficult to rework on the same. On the other hand, rework on the prototypes developed with 3D printing is much easier as in case of a rework, a new prototype can be built quite efficiently and in a very less time. Although the use of 3D printing is preferable in rapid prototyping, it is not suitable for high volume manufacturing. This is because, the layer by layer addition of materials becomes very difficult and time consuming for high volume of production. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that 3D printing is a technology that has varied usage in the different industrial sectors. The different application of 3D printing is discussed in the report. The report evaluates whether additive manufacturing is suited for high and low volume of production. 3D printing is more suitable for low volume of production due to its speed and efficiency. The report further discusses the possibility of 3D printing or additive manufacturing in making the traditional manufacturing obsolete. Although there is an increasing use of additive manufacturing in prototyping, it will take a huge amount of time to replace the process of traditional manufacturing completely. Recommendation 3D printing should be increasingly used in prototyping as it provides a cost effective solution. Small and medium sized manufacturers can integrate the process of 3D printing in their business in order to save time and money in prototyping. Further studies and researchers are required in order to completely replace the process of traditional manufacturing by 3D printing References Berman, B., 2012. 3-D printing: The new industrial revolution. Business management horizons. Business horizons, Volume 55(2), pp. 155-162. Campbell, T., Williams, C., Ivanova, O. Garrett, B., 2011. Could 3D printing change the world. Technologies, Potential, and implications of Additive manufacturing. Atlantic Council, Washinton,DC. Chua, C. Leong, K., 2014. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING: Principles and Applications (with Companion Media Pack) of Rapid Prototyping.. s.l.:World Scientific Publishing Co Inc.. Gibson, I., Rosen, D. Stucker, B., 2014. Additive manufacturing technologies: 3D printing, rapid prototyping, and direct digital manufacturing.. s.l.:Springer.. Kietzmann, J., Pitt, L. Berthon, P., 2015. Disruptions, decisions, and destinations: Enter the age of 3-D printing and additive manufacturing.. Business Horizons,, 52(2), pp. 209-215. Lipson, H. Kurman, M., 2013. . Fabricated: The new world of 3D printing. s.l.:John Wiley Sons. Mueller, B., 2012. Additive manufacturing technologiesRapid prototyping to direct digital manufacturing. Assembly Automation, , 32(2). Suchubert , C., Van Langeveld, M. Donoso, L., 2014. Innovations in 3D printing: a 3D overview from optics to organs. British journal of ophthalmalogy, Volume 98(2), pp. 159-61. Vaezi, M., Seitz, H. Yang, S., 2013. . A review on 3D micro-additive manufacturing technologies. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,, pp. 1721-175467(5-8). Ventola, C., 2014. Medical appliations or 3D printing: current and projected uses. Pharmacy and Theraeurics. Volume 39(10), p. 704. Weller, C., Keeer, R. Piller, F., 2015. Economic implications of 3D prnting: marketing structure models in light of additive manufacturing revisited. International journal of production economics,164, pp. 43-56. Wong, K. Hernandez, A., 2012. A review of additive manufacturing.. ISRN Mechanical Engineering, 2012..

Argumentative Essay on Government Banning Video Games Essay Example

Argumentative Essay on Government Banning Video Games Essay Example Argumentative Essay on Government Banning Video Games Essay Argumentative Essay on Government Banning Video Games Essay Essay Topic: Argumentative Should the Government Ban the Sale of Violent Video Games? â€Å"Too many of the video games marketed to our children teach them all of the wrong lessons and values† (Whitehead 108). These are the words from the Illinois governor Rod Blagojevich who is trying to outlaw the sale of violent video games. This issue has been around for a while and the government is looking into it. They say that violent behavior by small children is an effect of the violence seen in the video games. Many people have supported the actions taken by the government but others see it as a waste of resources. There are a number of reasons the government should not get involved in banning the sale of video games. Parents should be responsible and take care of their children. Proponents claim that that the government should ban violent video games for a number of reasons. They claim that research has shown that violent video games affect young people in both short and long term. This leads children to criminal and antisocial behavior. Parents don’t actually know how violent video games actually are and use them to keep their children busy while they are minding their own business so there is no parental supervision. The government has taken interest in this since many people believe that the role of the government is to protect society and its citizens from damaging society as a whole. However, it would be wrong for the government to take steps in censoring violent video games since it is something that is impossible to do. The government would require a great deal of money to stop the sales of video games. Yet, it won’t stop anything since retailers could then move their sales to the internet where the government won’t be able to perform so well. All the money invested would then be a waste. Many people against the law say that the government should spend the money in something more useful or needed. It would be a waste of resources to try and control the sales when internet is so accessible to everyone and can provide access to anything. Furthermore, violent acts by children cannot be attributed to video games; there are a lot of things that come into play. Many known researchers have found that there is no link between violent behavior and video games. The most recent study was performed by Patrick Kierkegaard at the University of Essex, England; it suggested that there is no link between violent video games and violent behavior. Kierkegaard explained that the effect seems to be the exact opposite and one might argue that video game usage has reduced real violence (Kierkegaard). He also states that it is possible for certain types of video game to affect emotions, views, behavior, and attitudes, however, so can books. These can also lead to violent behavior on those already predisposed to violence. Nevertheless, many of the video games that are found to be violent are not created for children. These games are written for adults and have an effective rating system implemented on them. One such rating system is the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB). It was created by the major video game manufacturers due to pressure applied by concerned groups about the content on video games. Many game companies now submit their products for rating by the ESRB. A number of factors are considered when rating games. They include the amount of violence, sex, profane language and substance abuse. The ESRB then gives an age recommendation and a content description to the games submitted. This rating system allows parents to know what each game contains and allows them to make responsible decisions for their children. As evidence shows, it would not be wise for the government to get involved in this. Parents play a large role in development of their children. They are the ones that go and buy the games for the children without paying attention to the safety measures already in place. I have been a video game player for many years and have played every kind of game. Yet, the teachings I received since I was a kid are still in me and I have never had the urge to be violent due to a video game. Parents should take responsibility for their children and the government should not be responsible for the actions of the parents. Dafoe Whitehead, Barbara. Parents Need Help: Restricting Access to Video Games. Elements of Argument. Ed. Annette T. Rottenberg and Donna Haisty Winchell. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2009. 108-109. Kierkegaard, Patrick. Video Games and Aggression. International Journal of Liability and Scientific Enquiry. Ed. Johanna K. P. Dennis. New York: Inderscience, 2008. 411-417

Free Essays on The Devil In Disguise

carefully to show that Arnold is a devious yet recognizable snake. For example, the narratorsays: â€Å"And his face was a familiar face, somehow†¦sniffing as if she were a treat he was going to gobble up† (Oates 619). The omniscient capabilities Arnold shows are simply more clues that Arnold Friend is playing the role of a demon, or the devil himself. He knows too much about everything and everyone to be only a normal person, especially one who is not from around Connie’s town. Arnold claims to know all of Connie's friends and where her family is at the time of their meeting. This scares her into asking Arnold how he knows so much and his only response is, "I know... Free Essays on The Devil In Disguise Free Essays on The Devil In Disguise In Joyce Carol Oates' "Where Are you Going, Where Have You Been" there is a clear interpretation of evil in Arnold Friend’s portrayal of a demon who tries to lure Connie into his world of sex and emotion. Joyce Carol Oates seems to create scenarios of real life and center them into her story. The harsh reality she includes in this story is that there actually are demons like Arnold Friend in the world. By incorporating more life like realities in the story, Oates creates the evil of Arnold in an almost believable setting and proves that the world is full of both innocence and evil. There are many clues in the story that hint towards Arnold Friend not being a friend, but in fact a demon that has come to take Connie away. When Arnold Friend first approaches Connie, he begins to talk as if she was expecting him. He says, â€Å"I ain’t late am I?† (Oates 618). Connie has an uneasy feeling about him and feels violated by his presence. Arnold seems to be pressuring Connie from the start and is obviously not there just to take her for a ride. The "ride" that Arnold talks of could possibly even have a sexual connotation that Connie does not pick up on because she is so young and blind to the world of sin that Arnold lives in. Oates chooses her words carefully to show that Arnold is a devious yet recognizable snake. For example, the narratorsays: â€Å"And his face was a familiar face, somehow†¦sniffing as if she were a treat he was going to gobble up† (Oates 619). The omniscient capabilities Arnold shows are simply more clues that Arnold Friend is playing the role of a demon, or the devil himself. He knows too much about everything and everyone to be only a normal person, especially one who is not from around Connie’s town. Arnold claims to know all of Connie's friends and where her family is at the time of their meeting. This scares her into asking Arnold how he knows so much and his only response is, "I know...

Methods of Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Methods of Analysis - Coursework Example These are the Government policies that are involved in the planning process for the cities in the transport sector. The Government is responsible for the construction of roads, subways and the development of policies of parking. The making of the city planning codes is also a political element (Drezner,1995). A combination of two methods of analysis is recommended since one method allows the establishments of the weight of the benefits in relation to the costs while the other applies the principle of opportunity cost allowing the application of the cheapest method. A public budget is a plan from the government which indicates the expected achievements from the allocation of resources to various institutions in the following fiscal year (12 months). The resources are obtained from the citizens in various ways such as taxes and licenses and also from internal and external borrowing. The funds are allocated according to various factors such as the population density, previous development procedures and availability of other resources for instance vehicles for the allocation of funds to construct road networks (Levy, 2013). The lack of a general agreement during the development of a public budgeting is due to the various opinions by the various members of the political class regarding the allocation of funds in certain areas while others feel unsatisfied (Drezner,

Media items related to gender, sexuality and the body Essay

Media items related to gender, sexuality and the body - Essay Example Sexuality is anchored on physical and biological differences that make males and females different. The media use their content with sexuality and gender to influence, educate or inform their audience. Sexuality in advertising entails the use of erotic or sexual words or phrases, images in advertising to appeal to buyers and increase the chances of selling the product. Analyses of media content indicate that most of the content presented portrays issues relating to gender, sexuality and the body with all of these displaying sexual activities explicitly or implicitly. For example, over 80% of all movies from a cable TV stations have sexual content. Over 50% of the music shown in the television portray sexual feelings and impulses with minority displaying provocative clothing and body movement that are sexually arousing. Sexual messages in most television shows are universally presented in a positive light towards gender and sexuality. In most media gender and sexuality has been exploi ted consciously and unconsciously in media items such as; advertisements, promotions, magazine articles, newspaper articles, blogs, and websites. The gist of this paper is to collect and analyse media items related to gender, sexuality and the body. Blog sexinadsmedia.blogspot.com, 2009, Sexuality in media/advertisement , viewed 18 April 2012, . This is a blog article which details the media use of sexuality in advertising, and it discusses a study carried on the use of sexuality in media. It is now news that sexuality had been used in advertising as early as 1800s when physical attractiveness and sexuality started having a great impact on society. Sexuality was used in advertisements in forms of wood carvings and other illustrations of attractive naked women, from the waist up. In 1885 W. Dukes & Sons Tobacco Company could insert trading cards featuring attractive and provocative women into tobacco packages (sexinadsmedia.blogspot.com. 2009, p. 1). Sexuality has from then proved to be substantially effective tool that can change the sales trend in many companies. The blog article refers to the most striking twentieth century advertisement by Woodbury’s Facial Soap, which was based on sexuality. The history of this company has it that in early twentieth century, its sales were plummeting, and it used a doctor’s face on wrapper as its advertisement tool. Later, the company switched to sexuality advertisements by inserting romantic paintings of, young appealing women, and immediately the sales escalated for the following years. Coupled with these images of sexuality was the sexual slogan â€Å"A Skin You Love to touch†, which has attraction and appeal to sexy women (sexinadsmedia.blogspot.com. 2009, p. 1). The blog article agrees with the fact that sexuality is a transforming tool depending on which product is being advertised. The study on the effect of sexuality in advertisements proves that sexy ads attract more people than nonsexual ones . In most sexuality advertising, 51% females are used, and only 15% males are used (Huston, Wartella & Donnerstein 1998). The twist of the writer is the fact that sexuality in general has become a controversial issue in print media advertising

Understanding Of Human Growth And Development Social Work Essay

Understanding Of Human Growth And Development Social Work Essay The field of psychology has vast areas of interest, and Human growth and development is one of the most popular topics being studied by social workers today. The purpose of this report is to show how essential it is for a trainee social worker to attain a firm understanding of human growth and development, and to ultimately achieve a foundation of knowledge in this area. This report will show that, with practice, preparation, assessment, reflection and finally application, this foundation of knowledge can be effectively used in positive intervention methods. (Crawford 2006) There have been many great theorists over the years, all of who had different ideas on human growth and development. This report will highlight and discuss 3 theories based on the work of Erikson, Bowlby and Bronfenbrenner. Furthermore, the report will also throw light on the pros and cons of these theories, identifying and discussing potential issues that may arise from failure to mature, as described in each theory. Finally, the report will identify the role of social workers in relation to their intervention with a client or family. The outcome of this report will be a sum-up of the key identifying points of each of the 3 theories. Using practical examples, the report will explore the effects of the theories and outcomes that may arise from failure to mature. The practical examples used will aid, guide and shape the discussion by highlighting the life span of the individual problems or issues, and will provide an underpinning reason for using each of the theories. Each theory chosen in this report is taken from a different discipline of social science; psychodynamic, sociological and psychosocial. These three disciplines all have a different emphasis, but structured in all of them is the core principle of determining what can potentially influence life course development. The first theory outlined in this report is Bowlbys attachment theory. This theory fundamentally sees the earliest bonds formed between children and their caregivers as a key factor in human growth and development, having an immense impact on progression and continuing throughout life. This theory will be examined, using social work examples with infants. There will be an explanation of how the theory is vastly important for attaining a firm understanding of the foundational relationships infants build for a healthy development. The second theory discussed in this report is Bronfenbrenners theory of ecological development. Bronfenbrenners theory describes the influences of further environmental factors on children, and their positive or negative development. For this theory, social work examples will be chosen from older adults in order to help attain an understanding of how environmental factors, at micro and macro levels, can influence social workers in relation to the stages of development. The final theory discussed in this report is Erik Eriksons model of life stage development. This theory addresses identity as an individual moves through the stages of life, and how they negotiate crisis points in a successful or unsuccessful progression, this effecting healthy development. For this theory, examples of middle-later stages of life will be discussed, and how progression through the life stages can successfully or unsuccessfully result in a healthy or unhealthy development of the individual. So, what can human growth and development be determined as? Before we discuss in depth the main theories, it would be appropriate to give a definition of human growth and development, and highlight why it is so fundamentally important for social workers to have a firm understanding of the various theories. According to Baltes cited in Crawford (date), human development is multi-dimensional; it is made up of biological, cognitive and social dimensions. Physically, from the moment we are conceived till the moment we die, we are developing biologically. Our bodies are consistently moving from one biological change to another. Subsequently, the growth of our intellectual and social development comes. This begins from very early stages in the course of life and continues across the span of each life. (Thompson) Both Freud and Erikson agree that every individual is born with a number of basic instincts, that development occurs through stages, and that the order of these stages is influenced by biological and sociological maturation (Sigelman, and Shaffer 1992). The Requirements for Social Work Training state that all social work programmes must: Ensure that the teaching of theoretical knowledge, skills and values is based on their application to practice. (Department of Health 2002) Theorists, such as Bowlby, Bronbenfrener and Erikson, have different perspectives on life span development stages and the individuals evolved behaviour as a consequence or a response to developmental milestones crises. These theories are rooted in the disciplines of sociology, biology and psychology. Each theory provides an explanation, in line with development, for arising issues and problems that individuals face and are all relevant to an understanding of the life course development. (Thompson) Social work practitioners need to have a wide range of knowledge from a span of theoretical disciplines to ensure that all aspects of an individuals make-up are considered and appreciated when working with them. (Crawford and walker) Using theory can give an explanation as to why an action resulted in a particular consequence. This can help us review and possibly change our practice in an attempt to make the consequences more effective. (Beckett) Developmental theory provides a framework for ordering the lifecycle and accounts. For factors that may shape development at specific stages. It discusses the multiple. Bio-psycho-social factors impacting development, explores the tasks to be accomplished. At each stage and considers successes and failures in light of other stages. Developmental theories also aim to recognise individual differences in development. Journal The course of life is different for each individual, and is influenced by the events and experiences that people go through throughout their lives. (Crawford and Walker, 2003) Understanding the impact of transitions within a persons course of life is important for social work practice, as it aids the social worker in attaining a firm understanding of other peoples lives, so they can effectively intervene with appropriate measures. Using theory can help justify actions and explain practice to service users, carers and society in general. The aim is for this to lead to social work becoming more widely accountable and ultimately more respected. (Beckett ) The use of theories in social work practice underpins how social workers approach their tasks. As social workers, we need to recognise the opportunities to work with people through transitions as an opportunity to grow. We need to try to enable people to use these events to trigger change, move on and develop. (Crawford) When a social worker works with an individual, utilising theories which may relate to a specific situation, will give us more direction in our work. It is clear then that theory is important in practice both for work with service users and for social work to be more valued in society. (Beckett) After the definition of human growth and development and the brief discussion of why a theory is important in social work practice, this report will now discuss the attachment theory and will explain why it can be positively used in approach and effectively in practice.4 So, what is the attachment theory? To start with, lets define the word attachment; it means a strong emotional bond between two people. Forming an attachment is based on a two-way interaction. The behaviours from an infant, such as crying, reaching, grasping and making eye contact, and the response of the caregiver both work as a reciprocal process to develop and strengthen attachment. (Woods) According to (Crawford), children use the people they are attached to as a safe base to explore, a source of comfort and a source of encouragement and guidance. According to (Fahlberg, 1991, cited in Howe), attachment aids children in attaining their full intellectual potential, sorts out what children perceives, assists them in logical thinking, helps them develop a conscience, teaches them to become more self-reliant, aids them in coping with stress and frustration, helps them handle fear and worry, assists them in developing future relationships and helps reduce jealousy.                  In 1953, a psychoanalyst named John Bowlby wrote the book Child Care and the Growth of Love. In this book, Bowlby put forward his theory that the relationship between a mother and her child, during the childs first year, is of vital importance and can greatly affect the development of the child in later life. This theory is known as the attachment theory, and it is still being used and discussed today, although it has been altered and adapted to suit the modern day economic environment and the change in the family unit over the past 50+ years. (Jeremy Holmes, 1993) Bowlby believes that attachment begins at infancy and develops throughout an individuals life, and that there are many distinctive behavioural control systems needed for continued existence and proliferation. The attachment and exploration systems are the main central points in Bowlbys attachment theory. (Elliot Reis, 2003) (Crawford) Bowlbys Maternal deprivation Hypostasis, the forerunner of the attachment theory, believes that if an infant was unable to develop a warm, intimate and continuous relationship with his or her mother or permanent mother substitute, then the child would have difficulty forming relationships with other people, and would be at the risk of behavioural disorders. Bowlby says: Mothers love in infancy and childhood is as important for mental health as vitamins and proteins are for physical health. (Cardwell) (Bowlby 1988) goes on to say that without a secure base of first attachment relationships, children will not be able to cope with separations of normal life. For Bowlby, the impact of prolonged separation on children is viewed as maternal deprivation. Bowlby describes this as being the temporary or permanent loss to children of their mothers care and attention. Bowlby believes that prolonged separation of children from their mothers, especially during the first five years of their lives, is a major cause of delinquent behaviours and mental health issues. (Crawford) Mary Ainsworth developed a method, whereby a childs behaviour is observed when reunited with his or her mother after a short separation.   This is known as the strange situation, and it has become widely used to determine whether the attachment was secure or insecure. Ainsworths strange situation is used to measure Bowlbys hypotheses that early relationship experiences affect later adult functioning. The strange situation procedure consists of eight three-minute episodes that have been arranged so as to create increasing levels of stress for a child that will activate attachment behaviours that researchers can then observe. The resulting behaviour was used to classify the child into one of three categories. These categories are insecure avoidant attachment, secure attachment and insecure resistant attachment. Securely attached children were able to balance their need to explore the environment with their need for comfort and support from their caregiver in relation to their feelings of stress.   Insecure avoidant attached children, when stressed, continued to explore the environment, showing minimal need for comfort and support.   The children who were classified as having insecure resistant attachments stop their exploration and return to their care giver show the maximum amount of attachment behaviours. Main (1991) has since identified a fourth category that of the disorganised/ disorientated child. (Cardwell) According to Bowlby a central tenet of attachment is that: People developmental representations, Or internal working models, that Consist of expectations about the self, significant Others and the relationship between the two. (Bowlby, 1969, 1973) The main criticism of Bowlbys attachment theory came from J.R. Harris. It is often assumed that hard working, kind, honest and well-respected parents will have children who will turn out to be like them. On the other hand, in the case of parents who are bad role models, rude, and disrespectful, the children will end up the same when they become adults. According to Harris, this may be far from the truth. Harris (2008), believes that a parent does not determine a childs personality or character, and that a childs external social factors have more influence than anything else. A good example of this taken from Harris is a child from an immigrant family. Although the parents may well pick up a new language, they will still have an accent from their native language. The child, on the other hand, will learn the new language, and will speak it without an accent. Children are more influenced by their peers than their parents. (Harris, 1998). Criticisms were also levelled at Bowlbys theories because of his ideas that he concluded from work he had undertaken with juvenile delinquents who had been separated early in their lives from their mothers. The criticism is that the theories are unrepresentative of the general population, and involved too small a sample. It was also argued that not all maternally deprived children became juvenile delinquents. But in agreement with Bowlby, Stroufe (1979) stated: We cannot assume that early experiences will somehow be cancelled out by later experiences. Lasting consequences of early inadequate experiences may be subtle and complex. (Cardwell) Research has shown that, contrary to Bowlbys idea of monotropy (one primary caregiver), children can form more than one significant attachment, and these need not be towards the biological parents, and can be of either sex, although there is often a definite hierarchy. An infants attachment to his or her father is as strong as the mothers in the first few days of life. Then the attachment changes because of the different amount of time available for the parents to interact with the infant, given the work commitments. Both the mother and the father are important attachment figures for their infants, but the circumstances that lead to selecting the mother or the father may differ. For example, the father is usually selected for playing. (Schaffer Emerson 1964) According to Parke (1981), Both the mother and the father are important attachment figures, the father is not just a poor substitute for the mother. (Cardwell) When looking at how attachment theory is applied to social work practice, Coulshed (1988) proposed that psychology has been useful in the degree to which you can apply some of the theories, if you are prepared to see theoretical contributions as ways of enriching your thinking and understanding. You will gain a broad framework of information through which you will recognise the complexities and possible causes of human suffering. The attachment theory provides a valuable model in understanding relationships of families in need and promoting new and healthy attachments (Daniel et al 1999).   The attachment theory has had an impact on many areas relating to how children are cared for, including the legal framework it operates under and how services for children have developed. Some of the areas, where clear links can be made to practice being underpinned by the attachment theory has effected changes, are; When negotiating contact between children and their families it is undertaken from a child centre perspective rather from the adults involved. This may include having closer links with grandparents, relatives and any other persons who the child considers significantly important to them. (Howe) Attachment theories underpin the policies that are relevant to the development of children in public care, and form the basis for assessing their needs, such as pre-placement and post-placement support systems. The effects of separation and loss that children have experienced can be taken into account when assessing their needs. (Oloughlin) Social Work as a profession can promote the needs of children through influencing policy and practice e.g. acknowledgement that delays in placing children may be detrimental to their wellbeing should ensure that the adoption and fostering processes can be as speedy and efficient as possible. Likewise, it is clear from research that children are adversely affected by the loss of familiar peers. Children who maintain friendships over time are seen to have greater social skills and better social adjustment. This should also be promoted. (Aldegate et al) The attachment theory has allowed optimism to develop towards caring for children, as a less distorted and confused picture of child development has emerged. It is now apparent that a healthy development can occur in many different family environments. There are many right ways of meeting childrens needs. (OLoughlin) The second theory discussed in this report is derived from the discipline of sociology. Sociological theoretical perspectives explain human development by examining the interactions between people and the society in which they live. Sociologist theorists research this by looking at influencing factors at different levels of society. (Crawford) Unlike other disciplines of human development theories in which service users problems are conceptualized on individual terms, sociological perspectives on human development seek to gain a full understanding by locating the persons problems within his or her experiences in a broader picture of social and historical circumstances. In other words, rather than directly focusing on the problem and the persons inability to cope, the problem would be assessed in terms of the impact of the economic and political conditions of the day. (Cunningham and Cunningham). One theorist whose theory has being particularly influential in the study of human development is Uri Bronfenbrenner 1917 2005. Bronfenbrenner developed a theory to explain how everything in a child and the childs environment affects how a child grows and develops. His theory is known as the ecological systems theory, and it approaches a childs development by looking at different levels of interaction, from family, local communities and schools to economic and political conditions that are all influential to the development of the individual in his or her course of life. He uses the terms Microsystems, exosystem and macrosystem. He suggests that there is a reciprocal process of interaction, in that the child is both influenced by and influences his or her environment at each of the levels. (Crawford) The ecological environment is thought of as: Nested structures encircled within and inside the other like a set of Russian dolls. Starting with the most inside to the outside, these networks are described as micro systems, meso systems and macro systems (Brunfenbrenner, 1994). The work of Bronfenbrenner has been particularly influential in social work practice and is the model that underpins the framework for the assessment of children in need and their families (department of health, 2000 cited in Crawford). The theory also encourages social workers to grasp the concept and understanding of the sociological imagination, and develop this in relation to service users own lives and practice. As social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments (NOSS), this approach, therefore, helps social workers to locate service users within an understanding of the bigger picture that underlies their lives. (NOSS) Applying an ecological approach can be best understood as looking at  persons, families, cultures, communities and policies, and identifying and intervening upon strengths and weaknesses in the transactional processes between these systems. A practical example of this in practice would be the use of the ecological perspective when carrying out assessment and for planning intervention for older adults in the community. Although it is theoretical, it is very practical, as it provides a kind of a map to guide us through very confusing terrain Stevenson 1998 cited in aldegate) The population of the UK is ageing. Over the last 25 years, the percentage of the population aged 65 and over increased from 15 per cent in 1984 to 16 per cent in 2009, an increase of 1.7 million people. (Gov statistics) Elderly individuals are vulnerable and in need of social services because they often live alone, and can be subject to numerous health difficulties, such as difficulties in functional ability. As senior adults experience an increased need for care, it is predicted that, in many cases, family caregivers will begin to have a higher level of physical, emotional and financial burden. All of these issues combined warrant an increase in research related to meeting the needs of the elderly and their families living in our communities (Crawford). EST is an ideal approach for assessing the needs of elderly adults living in communities. Given the rapidly increasing numbers of baby boomers reaching retirement age and beginning to require extended support, it is important for communities and families to address the best fit for the senior adult later in life. EST addresses the micro, meso and macro systems that are an extension of the individual, and works to obtain resources in order to improve support and expand networks necessary to maintain good quality of life for senior adults. (Journal) The ecological perspective analyzes how well the individual or family fits with their environment, and is based on the assumption that when a person or group is connected and engaged within a supportive environment, functioning improves. In order to determine the best fit, usually for an individual, there is an examination of the difference between the amount of social support needed by the person and the amount of social support available in the existing environment. Once this assessment has taken place, the social worker engages with the individual and works together with him or her to offer the support needed. One unique feature of the ecological model is its distinguished concept of human development within an environmental perspective. (Bekett) Social work practice has an overarching meta-paradigm that emphasizes the person in the environment. This meta-paradigm is linked with an ecological systems perspective as a focus of attention. EST is compatible with this belief system and helps support a theoretical approach for practice at the micro, meso and macro levels with individuals, families and communities. Social workers need to be aware of how the changing needs of families will affect psychosocial and emotional factors for the elderly individuals and their family caregivers. Examples of such issues include geographical location of family members when the senior adult is in need of care, role reversal when there is a shift in the family system and a parent becomes more dependent upon an adult child, and the anticipated grief and bereavement as spouses and adult children care for elderly family members over an extended period of time. The final theory of discussion is Erick Eriksons eight stages of man. Eriksons theory is an extension and modification to Freuds psychoanalytical theory on explaining the development of the personality through childhood stages of psychosexual development. Erikson, however, provides a more comprehensive framework for human lifespan through a series of genetically influenced sequence of psychosocial stages. The term psychosocial describes an approach that considers the impact of both the individual psychology and the social context of peoples lives on their individual development.(Crawford) Each stage involves a battle between contradictory resultant personalities, and each stage has either adaptive or maladaptive qualities. To develop into a healthy, mature adult, the adaptive must outweigh the maladaptive. (Richard Gross, 2005). In other words, he suggests that people confront a series of developmental challenges or conflicts, each occurring at particular and predictable times or sta ges in their lives. One of the main elements of Eriksons psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. According to Erikson, our ego identity is constantly changing owing to new experience and information we acquire in our daily interactions with others. In addition to ego identity (Quote), Erikson believes that a sense of competence also motivates behaviours and actions. Each stage in Eriksons theory is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life. If the stage is handled well, the person will feel a sense of mastery, which he sometimes refers to as ego strength or ego quality. If the stage is managed poorly, the person will emerge with a sense of inadequacy. (Quote) In each stage, Erikson believes people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in development. In Eriksons view, these conflicts are centred on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential for failure. Eriksons eight life stages: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Basic trust versus mistrust 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Self-control versus shame and doubt 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Initiative versus guilt 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Competence versus inferiority 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identity versus role confusion 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Intimacy versus isolation 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Generativity versus stagnation 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ego-integrity versus despair Erikson suggests that whereas the outcome of moving through a life stage is unfavourable, the individual will find it more challenging to meet the trials of the next stage. Erikson further suggests that if individuals fail to develop through a stage, they may return to unsettled earlier points in their lives. (Crawford) Stage five is commonly associated with adolescence Erickson 1995 recognised this as the critical crisis of adolescence in the eight stages of development identity versus role confusion. He believes that a successful transition through childhood would lead to a progressive success to resolve this stage (Crawford). Erikson considers the fifth stage, that of adolescence, in the developmental process to be of particular importance.   He considers that by the end of this period of psychosocial moratorium, adolescents should have achieved ego identity,   that is the integration of their own self perceptions into their core identity which is both psychological and social. But he notes that some young people experience difficulty or find it impossible to commit themselves to adult roles, thus characterizing this as a period of identity crisis. When adolescents fail to achieve ego identity, it is considered to be identity role diffusion.   Applying Eriksons model to social work can help identify with individuals whether or not they have progressed successfully at previous life stages. It can also help individuals clarify and address their strengths, expectations and limitations, a duty expected of the social worker according to NOSS Key role 1(Crawford). The psychosocial perspective enables social workers to consider the influences of the relationship between the internal world of the service users and the social environment in which they live. (Howe 1987 cited in Crawford) However, Eriksons stages are criticised alongside other psychosocial stage approaches to human development because they do not incorporate difference and diversity. They are culturally specific and differences between sexuality and gender are not easily explained, because the theory was developed from a male perspective. Crawford Being too fixed and deterministic in real life, it is not possible to divide ones life into neat stages. The theory also does not consider the significance of social change in different societies and across different cultures. The model suggests there are universal experiences that all people encounter. Anthony Giddens 1991 cited in Crawford argues that modern society is continually changing, and that people pursue many different paths through their lives. Erikson describes the concept of a life cycle as implying some kind of self completion (Erikson, 1982 p. 9 cited in Crawford). This use of the word cycle can be criticised for implying a circular process whereby, in the later years of life, there is a return to the dependency of childhood. (Crawford) In conclusion this assignment has looked at Social workers need to develop an understanding of theories from a range of disciplines in order to take a holistic approach to their practice. (Crawford) Whilst it is important for social workers to have knowledge of these theories, none of the theories can be easily applied to explain a persons course of life. One theory may be relevant to a particular person at a particular moment in time. For example, one theory may be useful for child development, but not so useful in explaining the challenges of life events that influence growth and development in later life. (Crawford and Walker, 2003) All people are individuals and deserve the right to be treated as such. To do anything less would be seen as an act of oppressive practice. Social workers need to draw on many different resources and theories available to them in order to truly meet service users needs. (Beckett 2007)

Models of Criminal Justice: Exploring the Probation System Essay

Introduction There are three theories or models of criminal justice. The first one is the retributive theory while the second is the rehabilitative theory and the last is the restorative theory. The first basically concerns itself with the punishment of people by putting them in boot camps , in order to deter their ways. Such instills discipline and fear , which in turn reduces crime. The second one believes that working with these people change their ways reduce crime (The U .S . Penal System :Restorative and /or Retributive Justice . The third one aims to reintroduce and re-incorporate the persons back into the community after retribution or rehabilitation . The first one is optimistic and believes that people are innately good such that prison cells are built so that the prisoner inside the cell can be silent. As he is silent, he can meditate on his wrong-doings . This tradition believes that then spiritual transformation may take place thus rehabilitating such person . On the other hand , the second one is pessimistic, which is why facilities were built to bring about obedience. What is done is to â€Å"instill habits of work in people, help build their skills' then they will be rehabilitated . The third one, which believes that true rehabilitation takes place when such person is allowed back into the community and is a combination of both retributive and rehabilitative theories, seeks to : â€Å" (1 )deter future and past criminals from doing a crime because the threat of incarceration looms (2 ) incapacitate the offender to stop the individual from possibly endangering others (3 ) punish the criminal by serving time and living a restricted lifestyle and (4 ) rehabilitate them for release into society (Fuller , 125-27). By t... ...nistered in the community- for offenders considered nonviolent and low risk. (William H Dimascio, Seeking Justice: Crime and Punishment in American (New York: Edna McConnell Foundation, 1997),p.43 Conclusion I found an article from the Palm Beach Post were a 19-year old woman dodged a lengthy prison sentence for DUI manslaughter involving the death of two people and injury to two others. The Circuit Judge sentenced a sophomore attending the University of Florida to 15 years in prison, then suspended the sentence and put her on probation with a host of special conditions; one is that she spends a year in jail upon completion of her college degree. The other is her license is permanently revoked, although she can apply for a hardship license. There are other conditions, but know she is labeled a felon on any job applications she applies for. (Spencer-Wendell, 2009) Models of Criminal Justice: Exploring the Probation System Essay Introduction There are three theories or models of criminal justice. The first one is the retributive theory while the second is the rehabilitative theory and the last is the restorative theory. The first basically concerns itself with the punishment of people by putting them in boot camps , in order to deter their ways. Such instills discipline and fear , which in turn reduces crime. The second one believes that working with these people change their ways reduce crime (The U .S . Penal System :Restorative and /or Retributive Justice . The third one aims to reintroduce and re-incorporate the persons back into the community after retribution or rehabilitation . The first one is optimistic and believes that people are innately good such that prison cells are built so that the prisoner inside the cell can be silent. As he is silent, he can meditate on his wrong-doings . This tradition believes that then spiritual transformation may take place thus rehabilitating such person . On the other hand , the second one is pessimistic, which is why facilities were built to bring about obedience. What is done is to â€Å"instill habits of work in people, help build their skills' then they will be rehabilitated . The third one, which believes that true rehabilitation takes place when such person is allowed back into the community and is a combination of both retributive and rehabilitative theories, seeks to : â€Å" (1 )deter future and past criminals from doing a crime because the threat of incarceration looms (2 ) incapacitate the offender to stop the individual from possibly endangering others (3 ) punish the criminal by serving time and living a restricted lifestyle and (4 ) rehabilitate them for release into society (Fuller , 125-27). By t... ...nistered in the community- for offenders considered nonviolent and low risk. (William H Dimascio, Seeking Justice: Crime and Punishment in American (New York: Edna McConnell Foundation, 1997),p.43 Conclusion I found an article from the Palm Beach Post were a 19-year old woman dodged a lengthy prison sentence for DUI manslaughter involving the death of two people and injury to two others. The Circuit Judge sentenced a sophomore attending the University of Florida to 15 years in prison, then suspended the sentence and put her on probation with a host of special conditions; one is that she spends a year in jail upon completion of her college degree. The other is her license is permanently revoked, although she can apply for a hardship license. There are other conditions, but know she is labeled a felon on any job applications she applies for. (Spencer-Wendell, 2009)

What is Cryptography?

Technology has developed throughout the years, which has been shown by changes in different aspects of how people live their daily lives. One example could be the means of transportation which started from horses during early times to carriages, invention of automobiles, aircrafts, submarines and many more which we use at present. Through centuries, sending of messages has also evolved from messenger mail to electronic mail via the World Wide Web. Along with these are rising security threats to senders and receivers of those messages who fear that their mail would be opened by someone else.It is and has been the same problem ever since. How can these security threats and privacy invasions be avoided then? The main topic of this research is the importance of a science that helps everyone. It could be in terms of technology to the benefit of computer enthusiasts and industrialists, or simply for protection of the privacy of each citizen. The following pages would give the readers a bri ef introduction of the subject at hand, Cryptography. Along with its definition, history, forms and uses, readers would also be able to learn how important this science is and why each person should use it in their daily communication.According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, Cryptography is the enciphering and deciphering of messages in secret code or cipher, the computerized encoding and decoding of information. It is also known as secret writing. Derived from the Greek words kryptos, which means hidden and the grafo, meaning write, is the transformation of data into a secure message, so that unintended recepients would not be able to understand or use them. (Wikibooks, Inc. , 2007).Cryptography is used to hide information by means of encryption, therefore making data unreadable to those who don’t have the secret key that can decipher or decrypt the message into an understandable one. Encryption is done when information is transformed into something which others m ight see as useless. This is called ciphertext. The act of transforming the said information into an understandable format with the use of a cipher or secret key is called decryption. (Wikibooks, 2007) The use of cryptography is seen today through its many uses.These include the security of ATM cards, electronic commerce and computer passwords. These are used for access control and confidentiality of secure information. (Cryptography, 2007) Such techniques like microdots and combining words with images are used by cryptographers to hide information from unintended recepients. (Pawliw, 2006) The earliest known use of cryptography is Classical Cryptography. It shows that it has been thousands of years since cryptography was first done. History has stated that the first proof of the use of cryptography dates back to 2000 BC.It has been related with the Egyptians’ practice of hieroglyphics which consisted of complicated pictograms seen carved into monuments of Ancient Egypt. Thes e pictograms were hard to interpret and only a chosen few knew what their real meanings were. Some time within 500 and 600 BC, Hebrew scholars made use of simple substitution ciphers like the Atbash Cipher in order to solve these encrypted messages. According to Wikibooks, the first known use of a modern cipher was by Julius Caesar (100 BC to 44 BC):â€Å"†¦who did not trust his messengers when communicating with his governors and officers. For this reason, he created a system in which each character in his messages was replaced by a character three positions ahead of it in the Roman alphabet. † (Wikibooks, 2007) By the time of World War II, there has become a great use of mechanical and electromechanical cryptographic cipher machines, but the usage of these was very impractical. During this time, there were various developments in both mathematical and practical cryptography.When the period of modern cryptography began, Claude Shannon, father of mathematical cryptograph y, published the paper Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems in the Bell System Technical Journal in 1949. Shortly after that, along with Warren Weaver, he published the book Mathematical Theory of Communication as well. Because of those publications, a solid theoretical basis for cryptography and for cryptanalysis was established, which made cryptography known only by secret government communications organizations such as the NSA.It was only in 1969 that the public again saw developments in the field of cryptography: â€Å"First was the DES (Data Encryption Standard) submitted by IBM†¦ in an effort to develop secure electronic communication facilities for businesses such as banks and other large financial organizations†¦ it was adopted and published as a FIPS Publication (Federal Information Processing Standard) in 1977†¦has been made effectively obsolete by the adoption in 2001 of the Advanced Encryption Standard†¦DES was the first publicly accessible cypher algorithm to be ‘blessed' by a national crypto agency such as NSA.The release of its design details by NBS stimulated an explosion of public and academic interest in cryptography. † (Wikibooks, 2006) Here are the important terms related to Cryptography in detail; Encryption is the act of hiding information using cryptography. Processed information in this manner is said to be encrypted. Decryption is the process of translating encrypted information. The Key is like a password used to encrypt and decrypt information. A transmission channel used to transmit information in secrecy is called a Secure Line, while a Public Line is the opposite.An example of which are public pay phones and the Internet. (Wooledge , 2000) There are several types of Cryptography being used today. In order to further explain the types of Cryptography, Wooledge compared the Key to a key to a door. First among these is the Symmetric Cipher, which can sometimes be called a symmetric key. Most of the time, it is used for simple types of cryptography because a same key is used to encrypt and decrypt the secret message.â€Å"Everybody who should have access to the room is given a copy of the key†¦put new information in, take old information out†¦if you send somebody a copy of the key by way of the Post Office, somebody working at the Post Office could intercept this key†¦allow them to access this same locked room, and do the same things with it†¦letting them read everything you locked up with that key, even letting them modify it. â€Å"(Wooledge , 2000) The Public Key Cryptography is more complex because in this type of cryptography there are two keys used and together, they are called a key pair.The key used to encrypt is called the public key, which can be given to anyone in order to send information to the owner of the private key, which will be used to decrypt information sent to him. The most common example of this is the use of electronic mail over th e internet, also known as email. The public key is an email address which one gives out to his friends. This allows them to send information to the holder of the secret key, the owner of the email address, the only one who has the password to open and translate the information sent to him or her.(Wooledge , 2000) A One Time Pad is used to send high security messages such as national secrets and is considered the only perfect encryption in the world. In this type of encryption, both the sender and receiver has a copy of the pad to be used as a symmetric key to hide and unhide a message sent over a secure line and destroys them after it has been used. A good example of this is the one seen in Mission Impossible movies, wherein Ethan Hunt receives messages that self-destruct. (Wooledge , 2000)For the sake of totality, it would be best to include Steganography, the science of hiding information from people who would spy on a person. This type of encryption is designed not to let spies k now that there is indeed a something hidden in a certain message. It is very effective, but only used occasionally. (Wooledge , 2000) Along with the internet, there is a large growth in the variety of forms of electronic communications, making its security very important. There are a number of enumerated uses for Cryptography such as protection of e-mail messages, credit card information, corporate and other important information.(Jupiter Media Corporation, 2004) After a brief background on Cryptography, readers would come to know why it is important to use them in their daily activities. The following are common concerns, goals or objectives that answer the above stated question. Message Confidentiality; Encrypted messages would only be understood by intended recepients of a certain message. If a sender would want to hide certain information from the public or from someone in particular, it would be best that cryptography is used.In that manner, only the receiver would have the key to translate the message into a useful and understandable one. Message Integrity; If an encrypted message is intercepted and changed during the sending process, it would easily be known by the receiver, which secures its integrity. Sender Authentication; It would be possible to make sure of the identities of both sender and recepient of the message. With cryptography, the recipient would be able to verify the true identity of the sender, along with the origin and destination of the message.Sender Non-Repudiation; This would prevent a sender from denying an intention to send and that he or she is the true sender of the said message. (Wikibooks, 2007) Though these cryptographic procedures are effective enough to achieve the goals, and concerns mentioned, it is still important for receivers and specially senders to practice caution such as creating a password with a very strong integrity, logging off private systems when they are not being used by the owner and keeping all private inf ormation to oneself. (Pawliw, 2006) Works Cited Cryptography. (2006).In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary [Web]. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved January 24, 2007, from http://www. m-w. com/cgi-bin/dictionary? book=Dictionary&va=cryptography Cryptography. (2007). In Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia [Web]. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.. Retrieved January 24, 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cryptography Pawliw, B (2006, January 13). Cryptography. Retrieved January 24, 2007, from Search Security. com Web site: http://searchsecurity. techtarget. com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci214431,00. html Wikibooks, (2006, November 1).Cryptography/History of Cryptography. Retrieved January 24, 2007, from Wikibooks, the Open-Content Textbooks collection Web site: http://en. wikibooks. org/wiki/Cryptography/History_of_Cryptography Wikibooks, (2007, January 10). Cryptography/Introduction. Retrieved January 24, 2007, from Wikibooks, the Open-Content Textbooks Collection Web site: http://en. w ikibooks. org/wiki/Cryptography/Introduction Wooledge , G (2000, October 11). What types of cryptography are there?. Retrieved January 24, 2007, from wooledge. org Web site: http://wooledge. org/~greg/crypto/node5. html